College essay topics to write about Legal Source - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1408 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Review Did you like this example? Wikipedia has been known to be an internet link that has helped various individuals in their research but it is not acceptable for law research and essays. This essay will show the brief history of Wikipedia, the reasons for and against Wikipedia being used as a source for essays especially law essays and it will also go further to show and discuss links that can be substituted for legal research and law essays, comparisons will also be made. To begin with Wikipedia is an internet source where all sorts of information can be gotten from either for research or just to obtain knowledge for general purposes. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "College essay topics to write about Legal Source" essay for you Create order Wikipedia was formally launched on the 15th of January, 2001 by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger but its technological and conceptual underpinnings predate this[1]. The earliest known proposal for an online encyclopedia was made by Rick Gates in 1993, but the concept of a free online encyclopedia was proposed by Richard Stallman in December 2000.[2] In 2001, the license for Nupedia was changed to GFDL, and Wales and Sanger launched Wikipedia using the concept and technology of a wiki pioneered in 1995 by Ward Cunningham[3]. Initially, Wikipedia was intended to complement Nupedia, an online encyclopedia project edited only by experts providing additional draft articles and ideas for it. In practice, Wikipedia overtook Nupedia, becoming a global project in multiple languages and inspiring a wide range of other online reference projects.[4] As of April 2014, Wikipedia includes over 31.2 million freely usable articles in 287 languages that have been written by over 45 million registered u sers and numerous anonymous contributors worldwide.[5] One of the major reasons Wikipedia can be considered as good source for research is that all the information that can be found on Wikipedia is referenced which gives the researcher various links to look up the particular topic that is being researched. Wikipedia is also free for all to use online. Articles are often added quickly and, as a result, coverage of current events and new technology in particular is quite extensive. Printed encyclopedias can take years to add new entries and those entries may not cover a topic in as exhaustive detail as those in Wikipedia.[6] Wikipedia is also easy to use and it is easy to comprehend given the fact that it can be translated into different languages that people are most comfortable with which is one of the reasons it is being used worldwide. Not only this but the articles found in Wikipedia are extensive, comprehensive and most times may not be gotten from any other links which is wh y students may be tempted to use Wikipedia for their research. Never the less Wikipedia is not an advisable website for research especially law and legal research. This is so because most of the information gotten from Wikipedia could be edited by anyone which could put the person carrying out a research at an high risk of getting wrong facts and information. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The founder of Wikipedia, Jimmy Wales, has recently stressed that Wikipedia may not be suitable for academic uses, saying, It is pretty good, but you have to be careful with it. Its good enough knowledge, depending on what your purpose is.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [7] This statement that was made by Jimmy Wales shows that Wikipedia is unreliable and it is not all the information in Wikipedia that should be taken into consideration. Apart from this Wikipedia is open to spam and vandalism if not properly managed which is another disadvantage[8]. As a result of these disadvantages different links have been given to student s, paralegals, attorneys, librarians, law researchers and teachers to serve as an alternative link for legal and law research, some of these links are Lexis, Bloomberg, Justis, BAILII, Westlaw and Eagle-i. Lexis and Westlaw are the two biggest in subscription legal database and have been the two rival legal database providers in the US since the mid 1970s[9]. Lexis was launched in UK in 1980 while Westlaw was launched in 2000.[10]Unlike Wikipedia the information gotten from Lexis are reliable because it is academic and the full text law database covers scores of thousands of reported and unreported cases from the following jurisdictions: England and Wales, 1900; Scotland, 1944; Northern Ireland, 1945; European Court of Justice, all cases.[11]Westlaw also serves the same purpose as Lexis which are (i) includes all cases from the law reports back to 1865[12], (ii) contains full text of cases from 19 other series of UK and EU law reports, as well as the full text of all UK and EU le gislation.[13] In addition to this both lexis and Westlaw provide users with a version of the CELEX database of EU legislation and case law; both systems use the standard CELEX groupings which are treaties, legislation, preparatory acts, cases, national implementation and parliamentary questions.[14] Another advantage of lexis and Westlaw is that they both provide users with the Boolean and natural language search. Both systems offer a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“quick searchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  option, providing search forms (templates) for the most frequently used a UK database[15] which makes it easier for individuals to use. Apart from this, lexis also provides non-legal information to users which could help the individual broaden the search and expand their knowledge. The non-legal material can consist of UK newspaper files. Not only this but à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Westlaw has the great advantage of access to the Sweet Maxwell Current Law index digest system, so that an already sophisticated apparatu s of summaries and cross-referencing could be combined with the Windows / internet hyper linking feature to produce a very powerful research toolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [16] BAILII which is the British and Irish Legal Information Institute is another good website that students are advised to use for law essays and legal research. BAILII provides free internet access to British and Irish legal material[17] to individuals; it also provides free internet access to legal materials of England and Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Ireland[18]. As at March 6th 2000 BAILII includes 14 databases covering 5 jurisdictions.[19] Not only this, but it also contains up to 400 megabytes of legal materials and over 75,000 searchable documents with about 2 million hypertext links.[20] BAILII provides a unique service and is a full and challenging alternative to other legal databases, providing access without payment or password.[21] Apart from this, BAILIIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s search mechanisms provide r eal advantages for practitioners, researchers, teachers and students. To take one example, it is worth looking at the recent extended Sphere Drake Insurance Plc Anor v The Orion Insurance Company Plc [1999] EWHC 286 (QB) judgment and comparing it to that same reported judgment on other systems. On BAILII the whole text is there, formatted and with all the appendices as attachments.[22] 1 [1] History of Wikipedia, Wikipedia the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org [accessed 6th April, 2014] [2] History of Wikipedia, Wikipedia the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org [accessed 6th April, 2014] [3] History of Wikipedia, Wikipedia the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org [accessed 6th April, 2014] [4] History of Wikipedia, Wikipedia the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org [accessed 6th April, 2014] [5] History of Wikipedia, Wikipedia the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org [accessed 6th April, 2014] [6] Limitations and advantages of Wikipedia, General research guide https://apps.carleton.edu [accessed 6th April, 2014] [7] Limitations and advantages of Wikipedia, General research guide https://apps.carleton.edu [accessed 6th April, 2014] [8] Advantages and Disadvantages- wikieducator https://wikieducator.org [accessed 6th April, 2014] [9] The Big Match- Lexis v Westlaw, Paul Norman https://sas-space.sas.ac.uk [ac cessed 6th April, 2014] [10] The Big Match-Lexis v Westlaw, Paul Norman https://sas-space.sas.ac.uk [accessed 6th April, 2014] [11] LAW- DATABASES, https://www.library.qmul.ac.uk [accessed 7th April, 2014] [12] LAW- DATABASES, https://www.library.qmul.ac.uk [accessed 7th April, 2014] [13] LAW- DATABASES, https://www.library.qmul.ac.uk [accessed 7th April, 2014] [14] The Big Match- Lexis v Westlaw, Paul Norman https://sas-space.sas.ac.uk [accessed 7th April, 2014] [15] The Big Match- Lexis v Westlaw, Paul Norman https://sas-space.sas.ac.uk [accessed 7th April, 2014] [16] The Big Match- Lexis v Westlaw, Paul Norman https://sas-space.sas.ac.uk [accessed 7th April, 2014] [17] Bailii, digital library, University of Leicester, https://www2.le.ac.uk [accessed 7th April, 2014] [18] Bailii: the cream of legal datasets, UK Centre for Legal Education, https://www.ukcle.ac.uk [accessed 7th April, 2014] [19]Bailii, digital library, University of Leicester, https://w ww2.le.ac.uk [accessed 7th April, 2014] [20] Bailii, digital library, University of Leicester, https://www2.le.ac.uk [accessed 7th April, 2014] [21] Bailii: the cream of legal datasets, UK Centre for Legal Education, https://www.ukcle.ac.uk [accessed 7th April, 2014] [22]Bailii: the cream of legal datasets, UK Centre for Legal Education, https://www.ukcle.ac.uk [accessed 7th April, 2014]

The Effects Of Climate Change On The Planet - 1567 Words

The effects of climate change have become more apparent than ever within the last 100 years. Increasing climates have been proven; with the warmest temperatures in 30 years being recorded (Houghton, 1994). Suggested cause of this increase is population change, the ever increasing demand for natural resources to sustain economic growth has resulted in exploitation of ecological systems at a rate never recorded before. These huge changes to the planet will have a knock on effect to individual and global ecosystems resulting in varying levels of positive feedback. Throughout this essay I will be discussing on various ways climate change effects the ecology of the planet. The planet shows fluctuations of temperature from millions of years ago.†¦show more content†¦Evidence such as the rising of sea level by 17cm in the last century or the 150-250km3 loss of Greenland ice per year between 2002-2006 (NASA, 2014) proves that climate change is happening to us currently and the effects are immediate. The Carbon Cycle consists of the vital components for all animal and plant lives. It is primarily a reflection on primary and secondary production (Krebs, 2009). As seen in Figure 2, carbon levels have not been constant throughout history. Figure 3 represents the basic components of the Carbon cycle. The diagram shows that the oceans are the largest sink of carbon, and is at a constant equilibrium of atmospheric CO2 and aqueous CO2. The increase in atmospheric CO2 levels causes ocean acidification by decreasing the pH of the oceans. PH values are said to have dropped by 0.1pH units since pre industrial levels and are expected to drop a further 0.3 units by the end of the 20th century (Scott C Doney, 2007). This chemical change will have knock on affects in many marine ecosystems, which will be discussed later. However, there are positive results of the rapid increase of CO2 in relation to plants a; CO2 enrichment will no longer be a limiting factor of photosynthesis. Evidence of this is results from 3,586 separate

Clothing and Zara Free Essays

Customer-Based Brand Equity (CBBE) (Keller, 2008) Salience Zara is a well-known and ranked number one clothing brand in Spain, and it is the brand chain store of the Inditex Group owned which ranked number three in the world (INDITEX Group, 2012). Zara used fast fashion model – limited and variety. Zara resist a trend within the worldwide industrial- product manufacturing in low-cost area. We will write a custom essay sample on Clothing and Zara or any similar topic only for you Order Now That prove its product has a certain quality. Related to fast fashion, Zara has asserted that it only needs 2 weeks time to design and develop a new product on store shelves. Moreover, the main work like design, production and delivery are proceeding in Spain and via it business model system, Zara can directly know which type of the goods are popular and almost sold out in a short period of time, and the types of the undesirable goods. It can easily to know the buying behaviors of the customers and can control the amount of the product. E. g. colorful cloths are desirable and almost sold out, the designer/factory can use this information to design/produce more types of colorful cloths via the system. Or the colorful cloths are undesirable then the designer/factory may stop to design/produce the similar cloths directly. It lead Zara’s product are low cost, low storage, low price, fast design, variety types and more flexible. Performance Refer to resist product manufacturing in low-cost area that the products of Zara must have a certain quality. Although there have many similar competitors such as HM, Forever 21, etc in the market. Zara insist the mass production processes retain in Spain and Europe (Figure. ) rather than in Asia area, it proves the product is reliability, durability and serviceability. Zara is not easy replace by the competitors due to produce in Europe which is more durable than produce in Asia country (Figure. 3). In addition, related to fast fashion, the design is creative, especially and diversified. The price is valuable as a result of the change of the design is faster and variety as well as limited amount, the chance of the customers buys or wears sa me clothe are declined. Figure. 2- a tag of Zara’s cloths show Figure. – a tag of HM’s cloths show â€Å"Make in Morocco† â€Å"make in China† Imagery Zara is a fashionable and particular brand of fashion family clothing, which composes with the design and the retail of fashionable clothes for kids, men, young girl and women (Zara, 2012). The target consumer is young people with higher income and high education level, mainly 20-35 year-old customer, they have higher awareness in fashion and have spending ability, but lack the ability on buying a product of high-class luxury brand. Zara provide inexpensive products frequently to meet this population’s needs. It has four product lines, kids for children; Men for boy and men; Trf for lady and girls; women for middle class women and office lady. Also, customers would regular to search the new products in the store to ensure they can buy the favorable products themselves due to fast fashion model. Judgment Refer to the fast fashion, Zara rarely promote discount strategy. It only has 1-2 time of regular on sales. Also, the products are limited and variety, if the consumers who haven’t buy the products at the first time, a risk of they can not buy afterward will exist. Therefore, the consumer will buy quickly when they unable to wait until the end of the season or the regular on sales. That is utilizing the mentality of consumers, it lead the goods of the company almost sold out within a short period of time, only a small quantity of unpopular products remain at the end of the season or the regular on sales. Feelings Zara is a middle class level fashion brand, the target consumer is young people with higher income and high education level, and they have higher awareness in fashion and have spending ability, but lack the ability on buying a product of high-class luxury brand Zara provide cheap products frequently to meet the needs of this population. Also, Zara’s customers have owned self-respect and social approval, because of the street style are popular in the western, many well-known international odels and stars are becomes the customers of Zara, even Michelle Obama (the wife of the President of the United States) ((Figure. 4) and Kate Middleton ( the Princess of British) (Figure. 5)are buying Zara’s clothing. Figure. 4- Michelle Obama wears Figure. 5- Kate Middleton wears Zara’s cloths Zara’s cloths Resonance The impression of Zara is fast fashion. It supplies a limited amount of a variety of clothing, it lead a concept â€Å"When a thing is scarce, it i s precious. † Also, it makes fashionable be the sense of community. Zara advocates the design of the products can satisfy the targeting customer’s needs and demands. It lead customers always buy luxury fashion style clothing via an affordable price. According to below (Figure. 6) and (Figure. 7) are related the profit of Zara in 2011 and 2010. It shows that the profit in 2011 is more the 2010. And (Figure. 8), it show the profit is continuously increase from 2006 to 2010. All figures mean the profit increase included new buy and re-buy. Zara has built a relationship with the customers and they would regular to search the new products in the store. How to cite Clothing and Zara, Essay examples

Problems facing air zimbabwe and how to solve them free essay sample

Air Zimbabwe, the major airline of Zimbabwe has been facing perennial losses for the past decade (since 1994), due to various reasons some of which has lead to the highest recorded level of labor turnover in the country (CEO’s report in Zimbabwe Review). This has been owing to factors like poor management from the subordinates and also bad publicity from the region. Also lack of proper and up to date technology has a contributing factor towards the losses. Poor cost cutting strategies Air Zimbabwe has been practicing poor cost cutting strategies. This has seen it pulling out of lucrative routes which covered a substantial amount of their costs for example the Harare to DRC, Harare to Dar Es Salaam, Harare to Lilongwe and also Harare to Nairobi routes in their bid to cut costs (Zimbabwe Review). Although according to the CEO, Dr. P. Chikumba pulling the flights out was a temporary measure owing to the operational challenges, lack of proper management and tracking of progress made them into thinking that they were better off without the routes. We will write a custom essay sample on Problems facing air zimbabwe and how to solve them or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This led to losses since the routes they had were not as profitable and able to meet all the costs being incurred by the airline. This also led to the staff turnover; workers found out that the company was now failing to honor their debts so it was easier for them to go out for greener pastures. Regulation and sanctions Regulations and sanctions from major airlines also contribute to the airline’s perennial debt and to some extent labor turnover. There is no airline that survives on its own just as there is no island that can survive on its own. Air Zimbabwe has been shut out from various partnerships and also from the IATA due to sanctions from other countries (Zimbabwe Review). Although this has to do with the external environment it is limiting its chances of ever getting in lucrative routes that guarantee them profitable returns. In most events air Zimbabwe’s planes are prohibited from entering certain air space as its planes are deemed unsafe and also unreliable. So in order to satisfy the customers all they now do is to take a shorter route to the hub country (i. e. South African) and the passengers are taken to their various destinations from there. This is rather not lucrative for Zimbabwe since there is less income compared to the event in which air Zimbabwe transported the passengers itself. In this case year on year its losses increase as more and more countries are deeming the airplanes by air Zimbabwe unsafe to occupy their air space. Heavy debts Past debts have been haunting the airline since it has been failing to honor them as early as 1994 and currently most of its revenue is being attributed to the payment of the debts (Zim debt March, 2012). This has leaded it into being kicked out of IATA after having failed to honor a huge debt from IATA of about US$140 mil and US$ 35 mil worth of wages and salaries. Its attempts to go regional in partnership with Air Malawi, Air Mauritius, Zambian airways Tanzania airways and Kenya have come to naught as the airlines fear lack of effective contribution from the airline since it is in huge debt (newzimbabwe. com 2012). Apart from the fact that the airline had a huge debt, its failure to enter into partnerships was also as a result of air Zimbabwe’s lack of polarized industrial relations with other airlines. Since the airline has no partners the airline tends to pay a lot in terms of air space and landing costs which is leading to them procuring losses year on year. Recently Airline settled a debt of 1. 5 million US$ to release an impounded plane on London Gatwick Airport. Plane was impounded by American Aviation firm and now Air Zimbabwe flights to South Africa are also not resumed because management has a fear over creditors that they might impound their planes (Zim debt March, 2012) Lack of airplanes Air Zimbabwe is now unable to operate some routes due to their lack of aircrafts. All in all the organization owns 10 planes some of which have been lying idle in hangers due to lack of fuel and repairs which is leading the airline to resort to other strategies. For example; air Zimbabwe is leasing aircrafts since they have withdrawn theirs from the requisite destinations (Newsday 2012). Air Zimbabwe is leasing Zambezi airlines to service the Harare to Johannesburg route and recently they have also added the Harare Victoria Falls route as well. This means Zambezi airline is operating those routes on behalf of air Zimbabwe at a fee. This is rather expensive as all the costs incurred by the airline in accordance to the routes are met by air Zimbabwe. Although this is a noble move the airline is facing high costs leading to their perennial losses. Lack of advanced/ new technology According to (CEO’s report in Zimbabwe Review), air Zimbabwe is now operating with old and outdated technology in comparison to other airlines. Its equipment is now very old and unattractive that customers doubt the safety of the planes leading to them boarding other planes and also shunning from air Zimbabwe. Lack of adoption to new technology owns to their failure to meet the costs for procuring the technology. This has led air Zimbabwe into buying sub standard goods. An example is when the management of Air Zimbabwe cancelled interior from Avis interiors with a loss of $250,000 and replaced the interior with rather, 2nd hand interior from American general suppliers. This shows poor management and myopic view from the management since they failed to foresee the loss and also the sub standard goods they bought would not last long. This lack of adaptation to new technology is leading to the organization being uncompetitive in the market. This is so because the market is now flooded with rivals who have technologically advanced equipment which is showing efficiency and competitive for instance the South African airways is making use of 21st century technology making it very attractive to the customers. (newzimbabwe. com 2012) Flight cancellations Rampant cancellation of flights is also a major challenge that has forced many flyers to opt for other service providers. Since the president does not have his own private plane he resorts to using the national plane for his use in the event that he is going out of the country (newzimbabwe. com 2011). This means that when he is going out the airline postpones all the bookings for the day resulting in people delaying their journeys thus losing faith in the airline. Since people would have lost faith in air Zimbabwe the airline tends to lose income and revenue and sine they face high fixed costs all they can do is continue facing persistent losses. Government overheads (attention on other departments neglecting the industry) Since air Zimbabwe is a parastatal there is need for the government to subsidies for it to function properly (Newsday 2011). However the government is not doing so since it is facing serious overheads. Also the government is mandated to consider the welfare of the society so there is consideration of other sectors for example the agricultural sector, the health sector and the education sector. This would then leave inadequate funds to subsidies for the airline thus its continued decline over the years. In such cases, those with requisite skills that is, engineers, financial managers and even accountants whose jobs are not fixed in the airline industry look elsewhere for employment, there had been a serious turnover in those departments as the people are not being adequately remunerated. (Newsday 2011). High labor turnover Air Zimbabwe is also facing a high labor turnover due to poor management strategies, failing to motivate their workers to stay and also they lack a good remuneration strategy leading to people going months without a pay. Air Zimbabwe is also unable to satisfy the needs of its workers for its workers do not even have descent incentives. This has lead to serious industrial actions that are unhealthy for such a big organization like air Zimbabwe. According to a case study done by (Air Zimbabwe Overstaffed 2012), air Zimbabwe’s failure to pay workers led to strikes which saw about 400 workers striking out of which 50 of them were pilots and it led to the airplanes being grounded. Without the pilots there was no way to ferry the booked passengers so they had to cancel all their flights and people lost confidents in the airline altogether. Recommendations to the afore problems facing the industry In order for air Zimbabwe to get back to its feet and start being competitive serious recommendations should be put in place. As a CEO of the airline suggestions to be made would be based on the empirical example considered by other airline industries that faced similar challenges. Retrenchment Air Zimbabwe employs over 1400 workers some of which are either not productive at all or who do not fit the selection criteria. In such instances there is a need to carry out a human resource audit where there would be assessment of personnel’s technical competence to run the airline (digitaljournal. com). In so doing there is easy cutting of unnecessary workforce leaving only competence ones capable of handling the industry. Employee motivation (on both financial and non financial incentives) It is a fact that air Zimbabwe employees are not motivated at all which is leading to their low working morale (CEO of air Zimbabwe). There is need to motivate the workers by providing for their non financial need as well as remunerating them fairly and competitively so that there would be reduced turnover and also insure a high working morale. According to (www. insiderzim. com) there is need for competitive remuneration for the technical personnel so as to attain experienced personnel. This was seen as a success when implemented by Kenyan airways so if properly implemented it would yield the same results with air Zimbabwe. Also non financial incentives could also be provided for example paid holidays, meal provision or even staff fare prices as these would effectively motivate workers to work efficiently and effectively Introduce new routes In a bid to cut costs air Zimbabwe closed out some routes which saw them face perennial losses. There is need for them to introduce new routes as implemented by air Malawi, for example Harare to DRC, Harare to Dar Es Salaam, Harare to Lilongwe or Harare to Nairobi. Air Malawi introduced new routes which saw them enjoying some profits as the routes were lucrative especially the one from Lilongwe to Dubai (www. galbithink. org). If Zimbabwe was to follow suit then customers would gain trust in the airline once more. This would in turn reduce their losses if routes turn to be lucrative. Privatization It has been known that the government owns the majority of the share at air Zimbabwe if not all of them. They charge prices that they see fit which are not profitable as seen over the past decades (digitaljournal. com). Privatizing the airline means that the private sector would have to own the majority shares, this is good in that it encourages the market forces to control everything occurring thus maintaining an equilibrium level of supply and demand. Privatization was successfully implemented by Kenyan airways were 77% of the shares were sold to the public sector. Now the airline is incurring profits year on year (www. galbithink. org). However there would need for the government to revise their indigenization policies as there is need for foreign direct investment which is not possible if there is a 51% indigenization policy. Zimbabwe is known for its 100% safety record so as long as there is a policy review investors are surely to come. Enter into partnership There is no industry that can survive on its own; there is the need for air Zimbabwe to enter into partnership agreements with other airlines so as to cut costs associated with air space, landing cost and so on. This on its own has the power to increase competition and since competition is healthy it would see the industry improving its service delivery. Zimbabwe is on its way to implement such, as it has already entered into a partnership agreement with Fly Emirates to operate its skies as it now operate the Harare Dubai route (www. insiderzim. com) Facilitating change, (technology) These days due to the introduction of technologically advanced equipment airlines make use of technology to stay competitive. There is a need for air Zimbabwe to do the same as this ensures competitiveness in the industry. Most airlines, for example, the South African airways makes use of computers to book passengers a seat, also they makes use of state of the art entertainment for the passengers enjoyment (www. travellersjournal. com). These are the small changes that would have a huge impact in the industry. Introducing aggressive marketing strategies The reason why the airline is not being lucrative is also as a result of their lack of effective marketing strategies. There is a need for aggressive marketing so that people may be re incarnated into trusting the airline again. When Kenyan airways was facing a decline one of the ways they got back on their feet was through aggressively advertising so that people became aware of what changes they were to expect (www.galbithink. org). There is need for air Zimbabwe to do so since it would guarantee them a market share. Change management style The leadership style being used by the airline is not being effective as t is failing to control the environment. There is a need for air Zimbabwe to adapt to a new management style that ensures effective communication and also ensures that everything being done is known to every level of the organization . For example the airline should make use of a democratic leadership styles since it allows for everyone’s views to be considered in  decision making and all (CEO’s report). If this is done properly then the airline is sure to succeed. Conclusion In the event that these recommendations are taken into consideration there is a high possibility of air Zimbabwe dominating the skies once again. This will ensure the least possible rate of labor turnover and also ensure that profits are earned year on year. However if these enabled success in other airlines it does not guarantee success for air Zimbabwe as there would be need for effective implementation of the above.

Descartes Mediations on Who Am I

Free Essays on Essay on Karl Marx

Essay on Karl Marx Karl Heinrich Marx was the oldest surviving boy of nine children. His father, Heinrich, a successful lawyer, was a man of the Enlightenment, devoted to Kant and Voltaire, who took part in agitations for a constitution in Prussia. His mother, born Henrietta Pressburg, was from Holland. Both parents were Jewish and were descended from a long line of rabbis, but, a year or so before Karl was born, his fatherprobably because his professional career required itwas baptized in the Evangelical Established Church. Karl was baptized when he was six years old. Although as a youth Karl was influenced less by religion than by the critical, sometimes radical social policies of the Enlightenment, his Jewish background exposed him to prejudice and discrimination that may have led him to question the role of religion in society and contributed to his desire for social change. Marx was educated from 1830 to 1835 at the high school in Trier. Suspected of harbouring liberal teachers and pupils, the school was under police surveillance. Marx's writings during this period exhibited a spirit of Christian devotion and a longing for self-sacrifice on behalf of humanity. In October 1835 he matriculated at the University of Bonn. The courses he attended were exclusively in the humanities, in such subjects as Greek and Roman mythology and the history of art. He participated in customary student activities, fought a duel, and spent a day in jail for being drunk and disorderly. He presided at the Tavern Club, which was at odds with the more aristocratic student associations, and joined a poets' club that included some political activists. A politically rebellious student culture was, indeed, part of life at Bonn. Many students had been arrested; some were still being expelled in Marx's time, particularly as a result of an effort by students to disrupt a session of the Federal Diet at Frankfurt. Marx, howev... Free Essays on Essay on Karl Marx Free Essays on Essay on Karl Marx Essay on Karl Marx Karl Heinrich Marx was the oldest surviving boy of nine children. His father, Heinrich, a successful lawyer, was a man of the Enlightenment, devoted to Kant and Voltaire, who took part in agitations for a constitution in Prussia. His mother, born Henrietta Pressburg, was from Holland. Both parents were Jewish and were descended from a long line of rabbis, but, a year or so before Karl was born, his fatherprobably because his professional career required itwas baptized in the Evangelical Established Church. Karl was baptized when he was six years old. Although as a youth Karl was influenced less by religion than by the critical, sometimes radical social policies of the Enlightenment, his Jewish background exposed him to prejudice and discrimination that may have led him to question the role of religion in society and contributed to his desire for social change. Marx was educated from 1830 to 1835 at the high school in Trier. Suspected of harbouring liberal teachers and pupils, the school was under police surveillance. Marx's writings during this period exhibited a spirit of Christian devotion and a longing for self-sacrifice on behalf of humanity. In October 1835 he matriculated at the University of Bonn. The courses he attended were exclusively in the humanities, in such subjects as Greek and Roman mythology and the history of art. He participated in customary student activities, fought a duel, and spent a day in jail for being drunk and disorderly. He presided at the Tavern Club, which was at odds with the more aristocratic student associations, and joined a poets' club that included some political activists. A politically rebellious student culture was, indeed, part of life at Bonn. Many students had been arrested; some were still being expelled in Marx's time, particularly as a result of an effort by students to disrupt a session of the Federal Diet at Frankfurt. Marx, howev...

Specific fatty acids and disease Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Specific fatty acids and disease - Assignment Example However, n-3 fatty acids have antithrombin, antiinflammatory, hypolipidemic and vasodilatory properties (Higdon 34). Benefits of n-3 fatty acids are known for the preventive measures of coronary heart diseases. Studies have shown that during chronic fish oil feeding, concentrations of postprandial triacylglycerol decreases and this causes an increase in plasma cholesterol concentration hence a low rate of coronary artery diseases found in fish eating population. New research findings show Leukotrienes are thought to play an important role in pathology of asthma. Increasing n-3 fatty acids intake decreases the formation of AA-derived leukotrienes (Reisman 6). A number of clinical trials have been used to examine the effects of a long-chained n-3 fatty acid supplementation on asthma. Although there is evidence that n-3 supplementation decreases the inflammatory mediators production of in asthmatic patients meaning the clinical trials have been having inconsistent results. Random control trials of the long-chain n-3 fatty acids supplements in asthmatic children and adults found no consistent effects on clinical measures including asthmatic symptoms, pulmonary function tests or bronchial hyper

Guide to Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS) Written PowerPoint Presentation

Guide to Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS) Written Report - PowerPoint Presentation Example This has consequently resulted into most network security stakeholders doing all their best to ascertain that there is maximal security against any unauthorized acts of intrusion. On this regard, this paper aims at delivering a high quality analytical report on the different types of intrusion detection, prevention systems via an account of the article, Guide to intrusion detection and Prevention Systems (Scarfone & Mell, 2007). In simple terms, an intrusion detection and prevention system entails a well-designed and configured set of tools used to monitor all the inbound and outbound network activity. This is to facilitate identification and prevention of any suspicious patterns of unauthorized access to an organization’s computer network. That is, the IDPS performs monitoring of the organization network traffic, identifies the potential network threats and responds to them in a manner that maintains a highly secure network environment in an organization. In essence, IDPSs focus on ensuring that, only the authorized users and devices have access to the computer network resources (Scarfone & Mell, 2007). It is important to clarify that there are several types of intrusion detection and prevention systems currently in use in most organizations. The target of these products is to protect organization from the ever-advancing hacking techniques that create immense threats to the integrity and safety of most organization data and trade secrets. Upon a thorough analysis of each of the sections in the article, the following different types of IDPS data was gathered (Rash & Henmi, 2005). The need to protect computer network resources is always very important in promoting successful protection of organization data from unauthorized access. To be specific, the intrusion detection system on its own is of great importance particularly in monitoring the events that take place in a certain

Providing Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Providing Care - Essay Example However, there are still some important issues that need to be addressed. All users must be widely educated about this activity in order for the entire system to work out well for the patients. This system needs to have feedback mechanism. This in general will get all the necessary information from the people so as to correct the system or know how exactly to expand or improve necessary health reforms to work effectively for the people (Begley et al., 2002). The integration of information technology with the health care system has already been practiced in the US. However, the feedback mechanism system needs to be highly improved the soonest possible. This is to further ensure that clinical and cost effectiveness is achieved at its maximum level. The US has to allocate budget for this. The budget must come from its allocation to technology and research and development activities. In line with this, the government must have to consider adding significant increase for its budget on res earch and development activities. References Begley, C. E., Aday, L. A., Lairson, D. R., and Slater, C. H. (2002). Expanding the scope of health reform: application in the United States. Social Science & Medicine, 55, 1213-1229. Tunis, S. R., & Gelband, H. (1994).

Construction And Understanding Of Childhood Social Work Essay

Construction And Understanding Of Childhood Social Work Essay In order to consider how child protection policy and practice has been shaped, a definition of child protection and significant harm and abuse is required. The Department for Education (DFE, 2011) defines child protection as the action that is carried out to safeguard children who are suffering, or are likely to suffer, significant harm. Furthermore the Children Act (1989) defines harm as ill-treatment including neglect, emotional, sexual and physical abuse. Interestingly, Parton et al (2012) suggested that determinations of what should be considered child abuse are socially constructed, and are therefore reflective of the culture and values at a specific moment in time. To begin, childhood is a status that is documented worldwide and throughout history, which sometimes sees the child as innocent ,vulnerable, a consumer, a worker alongside other household earners, a threat to society and it is a construction that changes over time and place (Prout, 2005). Historians of childhood have argued over the meaning, such as Aries (1960) cited by Veerman (1992, p5) stated the concept of childhood didnt exist before the seventeenth century; therefore children were mini adults with the same rights, duties and skills. This idea was supported by the poor law (1601) which was a formalised system of training children in trades to contribute to society when they grew up (Bloy, 2002). Another example came from Locke (1632-1734) and the Tabula Rasa model. This proposes that children were morally neutral and were the products of their parents (Horner, 2012). The nineteenth century showed it was the parents responsibility to offer love and pertinent correction, to bring out the good in their nature thus helping them to become contributing members of society. This could easily lead to blaming the parents as good or bad based on the behaviours of their child, since the child was not considered as his own agent. The 1834 Poor Law Reform Act would support Lockes idea and children who were sent to workhouses, would participate in schooling to imprint knowledge. Although this incurred a number of scandals, for example inmates eating the rotting flesh from bones, the governments responded by introducing sterner rules for those operating workhouses, along with regular inspections (cited by Berry 1999, p29). Fox Harding (1997) described this era as laissez faire which was bas ed on family privacy and minimal state intervention that allowed families lives to remain private and behind closed doors. An alternative concept from Rousseau (1712) suggested the idea of innocence; a child was born angelic until the world influenced them. This was significant in terms of child protection with the implementation childrens charities such as Save the Children (founded in 1919). They portrayed children in a variety of adult situations and as poor victims worthy of being rescued (Macek, 2006) using contemporary ideas of childhood. Interestingly the Children and Young Persons Act (1933) was introduced to protect the welfare of the child, including any person legally liable to have neglected them in a manner likely to cause injury to his health. Nonetheless it could be argued that the cause of injury may not have been fully understood considering caning in schools was common until 1987. However some may argue this was legalised abuse, and in direct contradiction to legislation put in place to protect children. Moving into the twentieth century took a wide shift from the laissez faire approach and along with the concept of childhood, became the notion of state paternalism. Child protection practice was based on extensive state intervention to protect children from poor parental care (Fox Harding, 1997). These changes led to a sharing of blame with their parents for children becoming anti-social (a demon) or a great achiever (an angel) in society. The demonic model illustrated by Pifer (2000) was already seen in childhood construction but blamed society, not the child, when as Rousseau noted is the romantic discourse that becomes tainted with the corrupt outside world. These historical concepts still dictated that children should be seen and not heard and every aspect of the childs life should be determined by their parents or guardians. Although the shift is evident, it could be argued that the laissez faire and paternalist perspective shared a common view of children having limited capacit y for independence and decision making. Pollock (1983) would argue that children were not miniature adults as Aries (1960) claimed, but actually were at a significantly a lower level of development and so had distinctive needs from adults. This suggests as immature people they could make mistakes and be excused from full responsibility for their actions. Given the current high profile debates on children, it is public outrage and moral panics in the media that frequently changes the way things are seen. The research into child deaths has prompted changes in legislation (Parton et al, 2012). Key events such as the death of Maria Coldwell (1974), led to specialist workers instead of generic workers who dealt with the elderly. They were specific to the child and encompassed the needs of the whole family. Serious case reviews in to a childs death was undertaken as a way of discovering how the tragedy occurred, who was responsible, what professionals were involved, rationalising individual actions and learning lessons for future practice (Rose and Barnes, 2008). The publics perception of social workers placed more pressure on the notion of identifying risk before the child died which developed many theories and models for the professional to practice. In contrast to the numerous child deaths, the Cleveland case in 1988 evidenced the over enthusiasm of state intervention. Children were removed from their families based on an anal reflex test to diagnose sexual abuse. The inquiry recommended greater rights for parents and children and suggests the separation from families was seen as abuse itself (Ashden, 2004). This, and proceeding enquires into the deaths of children, offered dilemmas for social workers representing the most visible agencies within the child protection system, in terms of whether a child should be removed or not. This event was a major policy driver and is reflected in the Children Act 1989, where parents rights have been replaced with responsibility in ensuring children turn out to be good citizens of society. However it could be argued that in practice today the Cleveland event still carries stigma with parents believing their children are going to be taken into care. Given the models of childhood outlined in previous paragraphs it is quite predictable that children appear to fit within a particular construct. However children such the murderers of Jamie Bulger in 1993 were children carrying out unthinkable, far from innocent acts. These children had a dual status; they committed a crime as an adult yet still a child in need of protection. Society wanted to look at their background to decide if watching horror movies or having divorced parents or poor discipline made them kill a little boy. The thought in the media flowed from born bad, to being made bad which is the nature nurture debate. Moral panic through media fed into this case and although historically the view had been to protect children, society shifted to the concept of demonising children, newspaper headlines branding them as wicked and evil (Bracchi, 2010). It is interesting that throughout history, legislation was implemented to protect children yet it conflicts with criminal law, as it does not recognise them as children over ten years of age (Molan, 2008). It could be argued that criminal law agrees with Aries and children are mini adults, yet social workers guidance refers to children up to the age of seventeen. One could question how professionals can work in a multiagency way when conflicting legislation cannot agree what age a child is. Further spotlight cases such as Victoria Climbie (2003) highlighted failings of multi-agency workers (Lamming 2003) and facilitated to shape the next change in legislation. The Every Child Matters green paper which outlined five outcomes to be achieved by all children was enshrined in law as part of The Childrens Act (2004). These were defined as, stay safe, be healthy, enjoy and achieve, achieve economic wellbeing, and make a positive contribution (Knowles, 2006) which gave professionals direction on the minimum requirements for every child, and allowed social workers to intervene to meet these needs in child protection practice. Nonetheless, the coalition government in 2010 abolished this agenda (McDermid, 2012) suggesting that families are not as important, even though it has underpinned social work practice for a number of years. Nevertheless child deaths continued to be a growing problem, the Baby Peter case (2008) indicated that individuals are failing children and again multi-agency communication is poor in assessing risk. Another case that followed approximately a year later was the Edlington boys (2009) who tortured two young boys. Society then blamed foster placements and care systems suggesting they do not work and foster placements are as bad as the families they were removed from. Cases such as these developed blame culture, where children were perceived as being failed by the government workers; usually the social workers less often the police and the politicians (Community Care, 2012). The public outcry and criticisms of social services which followed high profile cases of child abuse make social workers practice to err on the side of caution. This suggests the romantic concept of childhood (i.e. protection of innocence), came to the forefront and children were seen as vulnerable and in need of pro tection. It appears that each disaster that happens the social construct of children changes. Indeed, researchers into twenty-first century childhood such as Sue Palmer (2006) refers to a Toxic Childhood which is the harm society is causing to children through a competitive, consumer driven, screen-based lifestyle. The media and internet evidence how much it has made it possible for children to consider adult ideas and behaviours, alcohol, sexual activity, drug use and teenage violence that show that distinctions between adulthood and childhood are fading. Nevertheless it could be debated that contradictory attitudes remain commonplace with children being constructed as innocent little angels and little devils, innately capable of the most awful types of crime until the adults in society influenced them. Despite these criticisms the families that children live in are also judged to be secretive and deliberate abusers. As a result children may grow into poor citizens due to not being protected from their families. There is a notion of good families and bad families and very often poor families are classed as poor parents and certain constructions take place without the family even being assessed. To exemplify Tucks (2002) identified a connection between all forms of abuse and social deprivation, but a possible explanation for this is that perpetrators target vulnerable children or women to secure access to children; socially deprived neighbourhoods are characterised by relatively large numbers of lone parents. Through the pressures of their circumstances and in family crisis, parents had become caught up in a child protection system that was more attuned to assessing risk than to bringing out the best in parents struggling in adversity (DoH, 1995). Moreover Owen and Pritchard (1993) identified the difficulties in classifying at risk in terms of the criteria for assessing the levels of risk and what constitutes abuse. The role of professionals holding varying opinions and attitudes towards what constitutes abuse and risk could be argued that this in itself reduces the identification of risk to a child. Nonetheless professionals are still expected to protect children by the Children Act 1989 which outlines significant harm, but is very ambiguous and there is broad scope for authorities to further define what constitutes a child in need (Brandon et al 1999). The Munro report (2011) on Child Protection agrees that social work involves working with this uncertainty and not able to see what goes on in families which suggests little shift . The defensive practice comes from workers who are expected to manage this uncertainty and the issue is that evidence of abuse and neglect is not clearly labelled. Since the implementation of the Children Act 1989 more emphasis was placed on the childs rights but has become very controversial. The idea of protecting children and giving them rights may become problematic for adults in terms of taking childrens rights seriously. This could be that children have been under-represented in social theory and policy for many years). It could also be, that adults may be reluctant to relinquish power to the children because they still assume they know what is best for children as the early historians suggest. Franklin (2002) suggests a conflict between adults rights and childrens rights could offer explanations for demonization of children. Another idea could be that giving children rights takes away a childs childhood. This may have been viewed from the idealistic construction of childhood as a time of innocence where they consider that children should not be concerned with important decision-making and responsibility. To further support childrens rights, the children Act 2004 updated the legislation to include the abolishment of physical punishment (NSPCC, 2012). However, Owen and Pritchards (1983) idea of cultural relativism whereby specific behaviours in some families is attributed to cultural practice, question the concept of what how significant harm can actually be measured. In cases of child abuse, black and ethnic minority children are therefore at a higher risk because warning signs that would otherwise have been picked up are ignored and accepted to cultural practices and norms. For instance Rogers, Hevey and Ash (1989) state that the beating of West Indian children can be viewed as traditional use of chastisement within that culture, rather than observed as physical abuse of children. Owen and Pritchard (1983) propose this aspect to racist beliefs and stereotyping, where culture is considered deviant rather than the actions of a caregiver. Conversely Munro (2008) considers Effective Child Protection and points out the significance on the value of relationships between families and the worker and suggests this leads to better outcomes by understanding the families and cultures. An effective assessment and intervention in child protection draws from having good interactions and in turn aids parents to disclose information and collaborate with authorities. It could be argued if a worker does not believe in certain cultural practices that children could become at risk when maybe they are not. Another point to consider is the risk posed by professionals that work with children; previously society has created an assumption that the rich, social workers, teachers and other professionals that work in child focused roles follow the legislation on protecting our children from significant harm. Yet through the power of trust professionals appear to abuse safe spaces designed for children. For example the police report in to the murder of Jessica Chapman and Holly Wells by the school caretaker in 2002, identified significant failings with regard to police vetting procedures (HMIC, 2004). The Sexual Offences Act 2003 which included offences of grooming and abusing positions of trust was incorporated with a vetting and barring system to adults working with children and introduced into the safeguarding vulnerable groups Act 2006 (NSPCC, 2012). Equally Nursery manager Vanessa George in 2009 abused children in her setting. The review found a systemic failure in communication throughout and highlighted a common theme of assumption provided a fruitful environment in which to abuse, a point that has been proficiently highlighted by the mainstream press. The child protection policies and procedures were inadequate and rarely followed, as she feared children would be moved to other settings. The report highlighted how culture had within the nursery preventing staff from challenging Georges inappropriate behaviour. Cases such as this called for a review of vetting adults who work with children and formed a piece of legislation, the protection of freedoms Act (2012) which focuses on roles working closely with vulnerable groups. Some children related posts such as governors and school inspectors were being removed from the lists although they require having contact with children (Kelly, 2012). Additionally supervised volunteers will no longer be classed as working in regulated activity. Therefore, individuals barred from working in regulated activity can still volunteer at your school, as long as they are supervised. It could be argued that although the government is keen to scale back the cost of vetting, it does not take into account the risk of grooming which is not negated by supervision. Furthermore, the new process does not allow schools to check the barred list when recruiting volunteers which suggests it is providing a false sense of security for all. A further report into child protection by Munro A child centred practice in 2011, established that a universal approach to child protection is preventing the main focus of the child. Munro recommended that the Government and local authorities should continually learn from what has happened in the past, however this could be difficult when cases such as Jamie Buglers that buried the hatchet to protect the boys. One could question what professionals can learn from such secretive cases. Additionally, it could be argued that Munros child centred approach offers a potential negative impact on children and professionals. For instance, if the government removes the prescriptive practice that professionals may be using as guidance, this could create the potential to miss the signs of a child being abused based on judgement alone. Having considered this idea, future risks assessment needs to change a theoretical and practical model for possible state intervention in cases where a caregivers ability to care for a child is questioned. The British government will be pivotal to play a major role in reforming existing legislation and constructing new strong legislation to allow involvement by care services in the most high risk cases of child abuse. This request upon the government is an outcome of the philosophy of risk now prevalent in the UK, where it is assumed that the government has the ability to foresee and prevent abuse and maltreatment which holds the government when this does not happen. In conclusion, the historical views of childhood can be seen throughout the numerous ideological discourses and demonstrate how societys constructions of childhood can, has and will carry on to influence laws and legislation regarding the ways in which child protection is shaped. Although it is recognised that childhood warrants some degree of protective status, socioeconomic and cultural circumstances do affect young childrens behaviour and the way professionals practice. Those changed conditions also influence adult beliefs about rearing children and how protecting children should be. The emphasis on risk and assessing risk has changed over time, what was a risk in the 1980s is very different to what is a risk today. As outlined there are some recurrent issues such as the recognition of significant harm, taking appropriate action, effective communication and achieving an appropriate balance between supporting families and disruptive intervention to safeguard and promote childrens welfare. Nevertheless child protection has been around for a number of years and indicates that there is a correlation between legislation, society and the construct of childhood which continually mirrors each other.

Process Analysis Essay for Writing Papers -- essays research papers

Process Analysis Essay   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When writing a paper it can be very difficult unless you break it up into sections. When I had to write my first paper I felt like a man on a desert island all alone without a clue on how to do anything. But with the help of a few teachers they taught me how to survive on the island of writing papers. What the teachers taught me was that just like everything in life it needs to be taken in steps. The steps they taught me still apply to the papers I write to this day.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first thing you need when you write a paper is a strong foundation. Everything must start at the bottom and be built up. This applies to everything. It all starts with an idea. So start your paper with an idea, write them all down and now you have your foundation. It is just a plot of land but it’s there u just need to get it ready to be built on. So take your ideas and polish them and refine them until your have a clear well thought out idea. Now your foundation is clear and ready to be built upon.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  But as with building a house you need to get the materials to create what is going to be built. You cant just have an idea in the paper and not have any support. You need to go and gather information from several sources to support your idea. You can find this in books, Internet, and magazines. I would recommend at least 3 sources or more if possible. Also make sure they are credible sources not just John Doe’s site on the civil war. Once you have your sources you can ac...

Overpopulation in the Philippines Essay

It has been a politically perceived issue that there is over population in the Philippines. This issue has been constantly blamed for the aggravating poverty situation. One side is claiming that unbridled population increase is putting so much strain on the financial and food resources of the country that more and more Filipinos are no longer eating three square meals a day. Economic rating system is also stating a poor Filipino family is earning just below $1 per day. This certainly can hardly feed a family of 4 or more. On the other side, it is claimed that the cause of poverty is government corruption. They rightfully claim that while it’s true that the poor are constantly increasing, and that the income gap between them and the next economic level is likewise widening, financial resources that are intended to support the poor are being pocketed by corrupt government officials. Population is not the cause of poverty, corruption is, the Catholic Church claims. The government is keen on crafting remedies to curb population. Several laws have been passed to curb corruption. But since they lack heavy punitive measures, they became hardly effective. Corruption has already downgraded the country’s economic standing that adversely affected our capability to borrow money from credit or financial institutions, particularly the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank. So the government resorted to drafting a bill that drew the ire of the conservative and the Catholic Church. Foremost is the reproductive health bill, which was authored by Senator Pia Cayetano and Congressman Edcel Lagman. The bill underwent rough sailing on the legislative seas. The President is set to sign the bill into law before 2012 ends. DISCUSSION OF THE ISSUE Reproductive health, or sexual health/hygiene, addresses the reproductive processes, functions and system at all stages of life. Reproductive health, therefore, implies that people are able to have a responsible, satisfying and safer sex life and that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so. One interpretation of this implies that men and women ought to be informed of and to have access to safe, effective, affordable and acceptable methods of birth control; also access to appropriate health care services of sexual, reproductive medicine and implementation of health education programs to stress the importance of women to go safely through pregnancy and childbirth could provide couples with the best chance of having a healthy infant. On the other hand individuals do face inequalities in reproductive health services. Inequalities vary based on socioeconomic status, education level, age, ethnicity, religion, and resources available in their environment. It is possible for example, that low income individuals lack the resources for appropriate health services and the knowledge to know what is appropriate for maintaining reproductive health. As a personal opinion, reproductive health is also the ability of a couple – a man and a woman – to reproduce and raise children. It is a genetic process of increasing the number of the earth’s inhabitants which continuously work for their own sustenance or provide for their basic needs to survive – food, shelter, etc. But the disproportionate increase of population vis-à  -vis resources, the consequentially widening disparity between these two elements is putting strains on both the natural and financial resources. Science has undertaken remedies to increase food production and sustain natural resources. Sustainable development is employed. There are successes in several countries, especially in rich countries. But other countries, particularly the third world, where governments are  beleaguered by ineptitude and corruption have hardly taken off. The Philippines, for example, continue to lag behind in development and food production due to this problem. Over population, as the government and credit or financial institutions claim, is thus blamed as the cause of underdevelopment and poverty. Credit or financial institutions which provide loans to poor countries for development therefore advise poor countries to curb population or their resources shall be depleted and their ability to borrow money from them regulated or limited. In this light, third world or poor countries like the Philippines had to craft laws that they believe could solve the problem of over population. Thus enters the reproductive health law, other government policies intended to curb over population in the pipeline. The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10354), informally known as the RH Law, is a legislation in the Republic of the Philippines guaranteeing universal access to methods on contraception, fertility control, sexual education, and maternal care. While there is general agreement about its provisions on maternal and child health, there is great debate on its key proposal that the Philippine government and the private sector will fund and undertake widespread distribution of family planning devices such as condoms, birth control pills (BCPs) and IUDs, as the government continues to disseminate information on their use through all health care centers. On October 2012, a revised version of the legislation was re-named the Responsible Parenthood Act and was filed in the House of Representatives as a result of re-introducing the bill under a different impression after overwhelming opposition in the country, especially from the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines. The law is highly divisive and controversial, with experts, academics, religious institutions, and major political figures supporting and opposing it, often criticizing the government and each other in the process. Debates and rallies proposing and opposing the bills, with tens of thousands of opposition particularly those endorsed by the bishops of the Roman Catholic Church and various other conservative groups, have  been happening nationwide. It has polarized the Filipino nation. PRESENTATION OF ALTERNATIVE VIEWS Differing opinions have emerged from various sectors and divided the people into the â€Å"pros† and â€Å"cons† – or those against and for the RH Law. The Catholic Church, whose doctrine of pro-life as understood from the bible, is firmly against the Reproductive Health bill; and position is absolute and uncompromising, said an official of the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines (CBCP). There is no way that the Church will soften its position against the controversial bill. It allegedly opposes the bill because of its anti-life provisions, or the contraceptive program it engenders. The Catholic Educational Association of the Philippines (CEAP) also joined the Catholic Church’s voice in opposing the bill. These groups propose that the best form of birth regulation is self-discipline. Instead of allotting P2 billion from taxpayer’s money for the purchase of contraceptives, CEAP has urged lawmakers to use the money for education, livelihood and basic public services. The same position is shared by other groups and some conservative religious denominations which value life right at conception or the union of the woman’s egg cell and the man’s sperm cell. These â€Å"cons† reason that over population is not the problem, or that there is no over population. The purported over population stems from the fact that the government has failed to developed provinces or areas beyond the metropolitans areas. Metropolitan Manila and its suburban cities are booming while remote provinces are simply relying on primitive farming and minimally supported livelihood. In search of the needed fund to support livelihood in their home province, some people thus migrate to the cities to find work. Government has allocated some fund to sustain agriculture livelihood. Unfortunately, this is not sufficient to effect significant progress on farming system. Moreover, corrupt officials tasked to administer the fund  tend to pocket some of the funds. Faming infrastructures funded by local taxes and foreign donations are limited, thus unable to lift the struggling rural economy. The poor farmers have already been subservient to private lenders and banks. And their produce has only become fodder for loan sharks, who lend these farmers virtually everything they need including their food. In effect, they could hardly recover, to whom their produce would simply go as payment for their debts. To the pro-RH Bill, they claim that the reproductive health bill would allow greater access to modern contraceptives and sex education. It allegedly proposes more maternal health services, raising the number of midwives to one for every 150 deliveries. Contraceptives would also be funded for poor women and would be included in the standard supplies of medicine in hospitals. Modern family planning methods would be provided in all accredited health facilities. The bill, allegedly, will provide adequate funding to the population program. It is a departure from the present setup in which the provision for reproductive health services is devolved to local government units, and consequently, subjected to the varying strategies of local government executives and suffers from a dearth of funding. It will promote information on and access to both natural and modern family planning methods, which are medically safe and legally permissible. It assures an enabling environment where women and couples have the freedom of informed choice on the mode of family planning they want to adopt based on their needs, personal convictions and religious beliefs. It does not have any bias for or against either natural or modern family planning. It will also promote sustainable human development. Taken as a basis for the â€Å"pros† stand, the UN stated in 2002 that family planning and reproductive health are essential to reducing poverty. The UNICEF also asserts that family planning could bring more benefits to more people at less cost than any other single technology now available to the human race. According to this group, coverage of RH are the following: (1) Information and access to natural and modern family planning (2) Maternal, infant and child health and nutrition (3) Promotion of breast feeding (4)  Prevention of abortion and management of post-abortion complications (5) Adolescent and youth health (6) Prevention and management of reproductive tract infections, HIV/AIDS and STDs (7) Elimination of violence against women (8) Counseling on sexuality and sexual and reproductive health (9) Treatment of breast and reproductive tract cancers (10) Male involvement and participation in RH; (11) Prevention and treatment of infertility and (12) RH education for the youth. The principal author of the RH Bill, Congressman Edcel Lagman of Albay, claims that the bill is not anti-life, totally discrediting the â€Å"cons† stand, but allegedly a pro-quality life. Allegedly, it will ensure that children will be blessings for their parents since their births are planned and wanted. Additionally, he stated that the bill will empower couples with the information and opportunity to plan and space their children. This will not only strengthen the family as a unit but also optimize care for children who will have more opportunities to be educated, healthy and productive. The Congressman further stated that the bill does not interfere with family life, but will enhance family life: The family is more than a natural nucleus; it is a social institution whose protection and development are impressed with public interest. It is not untouchable by legislation. For this reason, the State has enacted the Civil Code on family relations, the Family Code, and the Child and Youth Welfare Code. Further according to the Congressman, the bill does not legalize abortion: It expressly provides that abortion remains a crime and prevention of abortion is essential to fully implement. (To this, the Catholic Church countered that the Reproductive Health Bill as a precursor will eventually pave the way for more anti-life policies, like legalization of abortion and divorce, which are already in the pipeline). He used comparative reports or information to bolster his position. He stated that it is not true all countries where contraceptive use is promoted eventually legalize abortion. Many Catholic countries criminalize abortion even as they vigorously promote contraceptive use like Mexico, Panama, Guatemala, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Paraguay and Ireland. The Muslim and Buddhist countries of Indonesia and Laos also promote contraceptive use yet proscribe abortion. According to studies, correct and regular use of contraceptives reduces abortion rates by as much as 85 percent and negates the need to legalize  abortion. Furthermore, contraceptives, allegedly, do not have life-threatening side effects. Medical and scientific evidence shows that all the possible medical risks connected with contraceptives are infinitely lower than the risks of an actual pregnancy and everyday activities. The author also claims that the bill simply recognizes the verifiable link between a huge population and poverty. Unbridled population growth stunts socioeconomic development and aggravates poverty. The connection between population and development is well-documented and empirically established. However, in countries where population control is prevalent, there is now evidence that they are wanting of more able and young workforce. Japan for instance is having problem with its ageing workforce to sustain its preeminent economic standing. The country has practiced population control in order to create huge surplus of resources and production which they sell or trade abroad to infuse large income to its export-oriented economy. Sadly, the country is now experiencing workforce shortage. Population control has become detrimental to their economic progress. On the other hand, China, the world’s most populous nation, is now enjoying economic boom due to a huge supply of human resource. The country is able to provide cheap labor to industrial countries around the world with huge economic benefit. This could prove that over population is not completely the cause of poverty. Considering some demographic profiles, some provinces are more populated than others on a person per area basis. There is just disproportionate distribution of inhabitants. Metro Manila is over populated due to unregulated influx of rural people in search of menial or professional work. Work pay is the difference. While Metro Manila is offering wages which comply with lawful rates, provincial wages are lesser. The amenities are like conspicuous everywhere in Metro Manila than anywhere in Luzon. Worldly things are just hard to resist that many people are flocking to Metro Manila. The same thing happens in metropolitan cities of the Visayas and Mindanao. Consequently, farms are somewhat abandoned for the sake of seeking financial gains from working in factories or offices. This exodus of farm workers leaving the farm could somehow create a vacuum in the farms. Food production thus construed as a sign of poverty. There appears to be three major points of view from which to approach the controversial reproductive health bill, namely: legal, moral, and scientific. This is so since, the proposed legislative measure once enacted into law will affect society. In short, there are many stakeholders by differing institutional concerns. It then becomes difficult to erect a tripod to hold the issue that has carried so much weight. There are those who think, once legislated, the proposed Reproductive Health will in fact set the stage for other anti-life laws or so-called D.E.A.T.H. bills (acronym for death, euthanasia, abortion, two-child policy, and homosexuality). The problem that has been viciously overlooked in our legislative mill is the fact that legislators themselves violate the rule that a bill should have only one subject matter. Up until today, there is a serious opposition to a reproductive health bill in whatever form or substance it comes simply because there are such groups or organizations that are against it. For instance, the CBCP is against it and for that matter other like-minded Catholic sub-groups. True enough, from the time it was first filed in the past Congresses, the bill already experienced a string of failures – to be passed into law – owing to provisions that are questionable legally, morally, and scientifically. It can be said that again, this proposed HB 812 may go through another rough sailing unless it can be railroaded in Congress and Senate. One theory stands in defense of the bill which claims it is necessary in order to curb population growth which is now pegged at 86 million Filipinos as well as for the sake of limited resources such as rice. But the myth of this Malthusian fear has already been settled long ago and it does not anymore hold water. Why a ‘zero population growth’ as that which was a  matter of policy in the whole of the United States and Europe? If we consider the earnings being remitted into our country from OFWs as the single factor that buoys up our fledging if pale economy, then we should have no reason to argue against this bill. That ‘zero population policy’ practiced by countries in the First Bloc now reached the irreversible scenario of a graying population that depletes their respective economies in heavy state subsidies. The National Academy of Science and Technology supports reproductive health bill. The Catholic Church or the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines does not. There are pro-life advocates versus pro-choice advocates. This camp says it involves no abortion, another camp says otherwise. This group claims contraceptives to be abortifacient, another such group claims it is not so. Within the legal community, a wedge divides their sentiments as to whether it is against the Divine Law to allow any room of choice toward abortion or to some extent euthanasia. Cases of abortion do sometimes involve â€Å"life-boat ethics† – that Catch 22 of having to choose which person to save – the unborn babe or the mother. There are issues at every loop, claims at every turn, and cries in every direction the bill takes – for or against. Moralists, legalists, scientists follow their own lines of thinking that are parallel unto one another – no lines intersect. There is where the problem lies. Is it then possible to weave from various strands or threads a beautiful tapestry of the proposed bill? Has it become time to curb population growth or corruption? CONCLUSION Whether it is called reproductive health, or responsible parenthood, the debate is a polarizing one. The Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines came out with a pastoral letter, on the issue of the Reproductive Health/Responsible Parenthood Bill. Their words, alleging they come from the spring well of morality. It is why when you read, or listen to the pastoral letter, or the position of the Church they think that contraceptives are immoral, or are abominations. There is nothingwrong with that position, and it is a perfectly valid one from a certain point of view. On the other end of the spectrum, the proponents of the Reproductive Health Bill say, â€Å"yes we should.† What the proposed legislation is about: it asks the government to explain to men and women, regardless whether they are married, single or of age, about their human bodies. They teach about a full range of methods— natural family planning, artificial contraceptions, from Condoms to IUDs to the Pil l and the morning after pill and everything else in between. Now, all this isn’t new. Growing up and studying in a Catholic school, these were things taught to us. And at the end of the day, it is about making an informed decision on what’s important to us. Biologically? Men have their urges. Women have their needs. Science tells us that the human race has been around for about 150,000 years. We wouldn’t be here if humans didn’t have those instincts. What the bill proposes to do is to put everything in the forefront. To make informing people mandatory, and to put the choice front and center and readily available for every Filipino, regardless of age, or social status. This chasm is just one of many philosophical differences that make it impossible for both the Pro Reproductive Health and the Anti Reproductive health proponents from ever seeing eye to eye. What of President Aquino? The President during the campaign was explicit. He does not fully support the reproductive health bill in the form that it was during the campaign. He was explicit that he believed that the reproductive health bill should be renamed, responsible parenthood bill. The President’s position, based on his Platform when he ran for public office could be summed up as: 1. He is against abortion; 2. He recognizes that there is a population explosion; 3. He is in favor of giving couples the right to choose to manage their families; 4. He believes in cases where the couple is too poor, or is in no position to make an informed decision that the state must take responsibility. 5. He wants all options to be equally presented. That means including Natural Family planning up to modern family methods. 6. He believes  that Parents should play a key role in ensuring every child they bring into the world will have the opportunity to lead good lives. The Aquino position is a logical and fair one. Parents should really play a role in their family’s future. Giving everyone an informed choice, and letting them decide on what to do, instead of ramming the choice down their throat is the logical thing to do. The proposed legislation then has basically met many of those requirements. So, is this still the Aquino position on the issue? If not, what has changed? Rumor has it that Aquino isn’t so hot on the RH Bill. The President of course looks at the priority legislation and sees what he can pass that does the biggest benefit. Did the President see that putting the Reproductive Health Bill or Responsible Parenthood bill on the agenda would prevent other, equally important legislation sidetracked? This is my disappointment with the Aquino Administration. Just come out and say so, and be honest about the whys on the matter. This is why many of those who supported the Administration are coming out to say, â€Å"this isn’t the change we signed up for.† They are so disillusioned with the state of things. In an issue as charged and as polarizing as Reproductive Health or Responsible Parenthood bill or however legislators want to call it, there is a simple way to break the impasse. The President uses all the power of discernment he has. The President simply decides. The RH Bill is about responsibility. It is about making an informed decision, and it appears not just for Filipinos, but for the President as well. But responsibility is not just for the economic well-being of a person but for his/her spiritual well-being too. When we talk about morals, we also must think about our personal responsibility to our own souls, and faithfulness to the church, being the body of Christ. By following or not following what the church teaches is an expression of personal liberty from the dictates of anyone. However, by following the church, the ultimate dictate for human salvation is paramount. After all, just as Christ Himself used to say in the Gospel, â€Å"Thy faith has saved you†, we shall be saved from our steadfastness to our faith. PUNCHLINES â€Å"Safe and satisfying sex†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Delivered by Sen. Pia Cayetano in her defense of the Reproductive Health Bill, which she authored with Sen. Miriam Defensor Santiago, which she means to say women should have the right to safe and satisfying sex. This phrase was moved by Sen. Vicente Sotto to be removed from the bill. â€Å"RH bill is being gift wrapped to look like a gift for maternal health care (even if) it will lead to greater crimes against women.† Catholic Bishops Conference Of The Philippines (CBCP) â€Å"Show me the same law!† Reaction of Sen. Miriam Defensor Santiago to Sen. Vicente Sotto’s statement that the Reproductive Health Bill is redundant â€Å"Is there gender discrimination in Philippine society?†Ã‚  Debate between RH bill sponsor Sen. Pia Cayetano and Senate President Juan Ponce Enrile â€Å"Our biggest export is OFWs (Overseas Filipino Workers). That is export. That’s why I’m against RH.† Senate President Juan Ponce Enrile’s statement in his opposition to the RH Bill â€Å"Long after we are gone, we will leave behind not just a law but a whole mentality and a whole culture†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Cardinal Luis Antonio Tagle warned of the bill’s effect on Filipino Culture and the youth.

Ameritech Case Study Essays

Ameritech Case Study Essays Ameritech Case Study Essay Ameritech Case Study Essay Synthesis: America is an American company which decided to outsource their manufacturing division to the Philippines in order to reduce labor cost and restore of their competitive edge due to their rival companies outsourcing from other Asian countries as well. Bill Dawson was assigned as the plant manager and a Filipino DULLS MBA Graduate was hired to be his assistant. The purpose of his assistant was to bridge the gap of culture. However, the assistant is a Mainline while the workforce is Sebaceous; this resulted in another sub-culture gap. Productivity of the plant was decreasing over time and Bills decisions are antagonistic in the point of view of the workforce. The result of this is consistent employee turnovers and ever decreasing productivity. Point of View: Bill Dawson point of view shall be taken. He is the main person in charge of the plant and has all the authority to make actions for the good or the bad of the plant. Statement of the Problem: 1. What actions must Bill Dawson take in order to achieve satisfactory productivity 2. What motivational method should Bill implement to stimulate positive response from his Filipino employees? Statement of the Objectives: 1. To evaluate his current resources and decide what needs to be changed and reorganized. 2. Develop a motivational system plan that will value employee welfare and inspire them to be more productive. Areas of Consideration: 1. Filipino Cuban Culture As stated in the case, the local employees are not disciplined. It was observed that employees take extended breaks, chat endlessly and engage in non-work activities. These result in a lot of wasted time and low productivity. Most of the employees are females and had not previously worked in a manufacturing environment. America Way The America is obsessed with efficiency and quality-oriented production techniques. Needless to say, it can be assumed that they follow hardcore mainstream Miguel is a Mainline and Sebaceous see him as too urban, too serious, too self- centered and they do not trust him. Also, it is important to note the double standard treatment that Miguel displays towards the Sebaceous and Bill Dawson. Miguel is very respectful to Bill but the opposite towards the workers. 4. Bill Dawson Managerial Upbringing and his Perception of Filipino Culture Bill is the son of a tobacco farmer. He is highly intelligent but never attended college. He worked his way up to get a high management position using his experience and street smarts. He is known to be firm but fair and dresses casually. He is also somewhat large and looked intimidating. The problem of Bill is that he did not make a concrete effort in understanding Filipino culture in his preparation for his assignment. He merely relied on his uncles stories and the country shared love for basketball. 5. Millet being fired Millet frequently Jokes, teases and asks personal questions to Bill during training sessions. Bill was not happy about Millets behavior which is why he decided to fire her. It was evident that after she was fired, the mood of the employees especially belonging in the same department with her changed. Employees are less cheerful however, productivity slightly improved. Discussion of Framework: l. Organizational Culture Types One of the frameworks applied for the case is the model of Deckhands, Farley and Webster on Organizational Culture Types. The model shows four culture types which are: Clan, Hierarchy, Autocracy, and Market. Each culture label includes assumptions relating to: dominant, organizational attributes, leadership styles, organizational bonding mechanisms and overall strategic emphasis (Recalls, 2005, p. 73) II. Multilateral Expectancy Theory Multilateral Expectancy Theory is also applicable for this case. This theory focuses on achieving goals that are for the benefit of the community. This theory, commonly use the we approach. In addition, the application of th e theory to the case would motivate and encourage the workers to participate in the decision making and cooperate in solving the companys problem. It focuses on group efficacy which would generally apply to Americans female employees. It also highlights Organizational Citizenship Behavior (COB) wherein the person would be motivated to not only focus on his work but also to help his colleagues to the benefit of the company. Employees of America need to be encouraged to collaboratively aim for their purpose of reaching their productivity goal. However, the application of this theory also acknowledges that there are other goals that are needed to be set such as nonofficial elements of the company. With this, Balanced Scorecard can also be seed as a tool in measuring the financial goals as well as the nonofficial goals that are important to the company. Also the Value Chain framework for productivity can be applied by America in the sense that they have to effectively convert their inputs into viable outputs. Alternative Courses of Action: A. Create an action plan with the following steps: 1. Understand and embrace the local culture 2. Implement a motivational incentive scheme 3. With the newly motivated employees, improve the productivity of the plant PROS: 1. Workers will become adjusted to their boss 2. Motivated employees tend to be more productive 3. Workers will be back to their cheerful behaviors but at the same time have improved over their performance CONS: 1. It might be difficult for Bill Dawson to adjust since he is accustomed to the America Way 2. Employees may be skeptical on his new behavior and may perceive it as an act B. Retain the current set-up but find a way for the employees to respect top management. Bill can replace Miguel with a Cuban mediator so that he may effectively implement his new plans for the company. 1. Less adjustment for Bill Dawson and for the employees 2. Smooth flow of operations with an apparent concern for employees from the Management CONS: 1. Miguel will lose his Job 2. There is no assurance that the new Cuban mediator will gain the support of the existing employees 3. Improvement of productivity is not assured. C. Close operations in Cube and look for another Asian country like China for their labor force since it has not been working for America. 1. The company will cut its losses and move on 1. Loss in investment for the company due to another relocation of the plant 2. There is no guarantee that the same scenario will not reoccur in another Asian country

buy custom Human Variation essay

buy custom Human Variation essay There are certain ways in which the polymorphic traits affect existence and reproduction ability among human beings.Some of them are instrumental in developing a resistance to some diseases, while others are lethal. In the case of the sickle cell anemia,the variants are capable of surviving in a given population due to its ability to reduce malaria. This is because the heterozygote has the ability of resisting malaria. However, individual who are homozygous for the recessivesicklehemoglobinhave a short lifespan.This trait is advantageous in that it creates a balance between the standard HgbA for malaria and the homozygous sickle cell victims. Therefore, the heterozygote has a higher fitness with the existence of malaria. Blood type O is another type of the polymorphic traits that affect human existence and their ability to reproduce.This trait is susceptible to cholera infection and other diarrheal diseases, nevertheless, those with blood group AB are resistant to the infections. As a result, individuals belonging to the blood group O are exposed to cholera infection than those with other blood groups. This calls for individuals to take necessary precaution in order to curb the risks involved in the situation. Another polymorphic trait is the G6PD (Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase) which is involved in malarial fighting. Despite its minimized viability, G6PD alleles are with low activity are at high level in malaria prone regions. In conclusion, existence of these genes is also affect reproduction in that most of them are inherited. Therefore, parents transmit these traits to their off springs who either suffer or benefit from the m. for instance, a child whose parent has the recessive sickle cell anemia is resistant to malaria, but is likely to die. Therefore, these traits have both positive and negative effects on the human evolution and reproduction. They help a population face the challenges posed by parasitism and infections. Buy custom Human Variation essay

Write a(4pages) research proposal of Medical Data Security Paper

Write a(4pages) proposal of Medical Data Security - Research Paper Example The need for implementation of medical data security has been brought about by the need to safeguard the sensitive medical data records. As the need to shift to use of electronic patient records arise as opposed to the paper-based record, issues concerning the security of the patient records have emerged. With the rising use of electronic record systems i.e. EMR (Electronic Medical records) to manage medical data, this has brought about the need to on why medical data should be as secure as possible. This note illustrates on the various medical data vulnerability issues which are of key concerns with respect to most EMR systems which finally compromise the security of the medical data. The aim of this research paper is to outline the security threats that harbor /limit the effectiveness efficiency of the security records. The study will narrow down the EMR (Electronic Medical Records system) which has been a great system for managing patient’s data record. From the proposed research study, a viable and empirical solution to counter the security threat posed by the EMR systems which will go to a large extent in ensuring that patients records remain secure and confidential According to a survey conducted in 2003 by the Consumers’ Association and Health n behalf of the NHS Information security showed that there were great concerns with regard to medical data security and they felt that the records were susceptible to many security breaches. The patients in the survey also expressed their concern that their full medical records should only strictly restricted to healthcare as well as the ambulance staff offering the treatment. There was wide support on the safeguards to be put in place which included public sharing agreement, training for NHS staff as well as a confidentiality clause in [3]. A SWOT analysis which was conducted by US Health Care indicated the EMR

Spectator Article Historical Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Spectator Article Historical Critique - Essay Example The Eighteenth century was still a time when suspected witches are condemned to death and that practice of witchcraft is widely seen as diabolical. So, understandably, the subject is extremely religious in nature. Addison, however, focused on the social dimension to the subject. The author started with a disclaimer – that on the issue of witchcraft, having to choose sides is tantamount to doing an injustice because the circumstances that lead people to accuse others as witches would be an uninformed judgment especially that those being accused are in danger of being put to death. He emphasized that one can never know for certain that an individual is a witch or that does practice evil magic. He declared that â€Å"there is, and has been such a thing as Witch-craft,† but that, at the same time cannot give credit to any particular instance of it. A crucial point raised by Addison was how appearances often fool people into thinking and assuming theories and myths about the m. In his narration regarding his encounter with Moll White, the alleged witch, he first painted the stereotypical individual who would not only scare others but also would be defenseless and unable to protect themselves against the malevolence and cruelty of others. Moll White was old, alone and poor. She was physically unpleasing and handicapped that people came to equate her presence to that of the devil and all misfortunes and ill omen that befall on the village. Though she was allowed to live with the community (though with constant threats of eviction), she was the usual suspect when catastrophe would strike. At the church, people are especially critical even when she say her prayer. Addison was subtle in his suggestion that witches were punished not because of magic but because they were undesirable people, outcasts who became convenient targets and escape goats for the inadequacies of humanity. A very strong accusation was hurled against the community when Addison pointed ou t that when Moll started to became a burden to the community, she was conveniently branded as a witch. People started spinning yarns about her, scaring children and each other with tales their own concoctions. Even Moll, herself, observed Addison, started believing that she may be a witch after all. What happened was that the community wanted to get rid of one of its members who can no longer contribute something and had the misfortune of having been born ugly or infirm. Morality restrains them from taking more crude actions such as killing or outright eviction and so they used witchcraft as a pretext to harass poor souls such as Moll White and punish them in the process. Unfortunately, up until the eighteenth century, witchcraft is one of the few crimes that require very little material evidence. As a matter of fact, the often cited pins by â€Å"witnesses† are enough to show the guilt of an accused witch. Out of all the points raised by this paper, there emerges the fact th at Addison’s time is slowly shifting into a more liberal society wherein education and industrialization helped to enlighten people. Addison’s attitude on the matter is a demonstration of this. The Wenham case cited earlier, which was seen as the actual object of interest in this essay, was actually the last witch trial in England. A